Consular Processing vs. Adjustment of Status

When applying for a green card, applicants usually have two choices: consular processing or adjustment of status (AOS). Each path has unique requirements and is suitable for different circumstances.

What is Consular Processing?

Consular processing is the path taken from outside the U.S.. After USCIS approves a petition (such as Form I-130 or I-140), the case is sent to the National Visa Center (NVC) and then to a U.S. embassy or consulate. The applicant attends an immigrant visa interview abroad.

Upon approval, the visa is stamped in the passport. Once the applicant enters the U.S., they are admitted as a permanent resident and receive their green card by mail.

What is Adjustment of Status?

Adjustment of Status is used from within the U.S. by applicants who are already in the country on a valid visa. They file Form I-485 to request a green card without leaving the U.S. This process is handled entirely by USCIS.

AOS applicants can often apply for work and travel permits (EAD/AP) while waiting for the green card decision.

Key Differences

Feature	Consular Processing	Adjustment of Status
Location	Outside the U.S.	Inside the U.S.
Agency	U.S. Department of State	USCIS
Form	Immigrant Visa at consulate	Form I-485
Timeline	Often faster	May be slower
Travel Risk	Low (you stay abroad)	Leaving may abandon case
EAD/AP Benefits	No	Yes, if filed

Which One Should You Choose?

If you are outside the U.S., consular processing is your only option. If you are inside the U.S. legally, AOS may offer more flexibility, especially if you need work or travel authorization.

Each case is unique. Factors like travel plans, unlawful presence, and immigration history must be considered. When in doubt, consult an immigration attorney.